File:Sri Rudramu.jpg

'''Anu and Parmanu-  Vedic perception on Atomic physics '''

Vedic Rishis have classified the material world into Pancha Mahabhuta, the five great elements. These are Sky or Akasha or Ether, Fire or Agni, Air or Vayu, Water or Apa and Earth or Prithvi.

These were identified with the various human senses of perception that are Sky or Akasha or Ether with Sound, Fire or Agni with Vision, Air or Vayu with Feeling, Water or Apa with Taste and Earth or Prithvi with Smell

 Indian philosophers believed that except Akasha (ether), all other elements were physically palpable and hence comprised miniscule particles of matter. The last miniscule particle of matter which could not be subdivided further was termed Parmanu.

 The word Parmanu is a combination of Param, meaning beyond, and any meaning atom. Thus the term Parmanu is suggestive of the possibility that, at least at an abstract level Indian philosophers in ancient times had conceived the possibility of splitting an atom which, as we know today, is the source of atomic energy.

<span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";color:black">Anu and Parmanu- '<span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:#0D3F6F"> '<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "TimesNewRoman"">Vedic perception on Atomic physics '''<span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman";color:#0D3F6F"> '''

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"><span style="font-size:11pt;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">The Nayay and Veshashik philosophies of Vedic origin believed that the Genesis of entire existence is from a smallest particle. They called it Atom or smaller then Atom or smallest possible to perceive or imagine. You can call it Atom or Sub-atomic or even a God particle. <span style="background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">To start with it is alone, then it become dual "Two in union", this is the beginning, followed by "multiplying to Three", "Four" and so on.......universe come in existence under certain laws of interactions of principle material originating from that smallest particle and finely life appear in water/ fluid. This is mystic statement of Nayay and Veshashik, made by people of ancient times based on their imagination and power of thinking about the Genesis of this cosmos, realized through deep meditation and exploring their mind inwardly.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> While we see that the atomic calculations were the basis for the modern time study that we have the base unit as seconds, the base unit in the Vedas is referred to by name “PARAMANU” which literally means “SUB-ATOMIC level”. This gives us an insight that may refer to a calculation of time with reference to atoms and not merely solar or lunar time periods.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> These are extreme thinking of the mankind stretched beyond their perception and without the aid of scientific tools of modern times. It looks very amazing to go so deep in that time, when understanding of meta-physical sciences was very primitive or non-existent. These ancestors who wrote the Upanishads and Vedantic philosophies simply based on their personal experiences require to be appreciated by entire mankind.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> This Indian concept of the atom was developed independently and prior to the development of the idea in the Greco-Roman world. The first Indian philosopher who formulated ideas about the atom in a systematic manner was Kanada who lived in the 6th century B.C. Another Indian philosopher, Pakudha Katyayana who also lived in the 6th century B.C. and was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, had also propounded ideas about the atomic constitution of the material world.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> These philosophers considered the Atom to be indestructible and hence eternal. The Buddhists believed atoms to be minute objects invisible to the naked eye and which come into being and vanish in an instant. The Vaiseshika School of philosophers believed that an atom was a mere point in space. Indian theories about the atom are greatly abstract and enmeshed in philosophy as they were based on logic and not on personal experience or experimentation.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> It was Kanada who first propounded that the Parmanu (atom) was an indestructible particle of matter. According to the material universe is made up of Kana or Particle. When matter is divided and subdivided, we reach a stage beyond which no division is possible. This indivisible element of matter is Parmanu. Kanada explained that this indivisible, indestructible and cannot be sensed through any human organ.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> In saying that there are different types of Parmanu for the five Pancha Mahabhuta, Earth, water, fire, air and ether. Each Parmanu has a peculiar property which depends, on the substance to which it belongs. It was because of this conception of peculiarity of Parmanu (atoms) that this theory came to be known Vaiseshika-Sutra (Peculiarity Aphorisms).

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> According to Kanada, an object appears to be heavy under water than it does in air because the density of atoms in water is more than in air. The additional density of, in water, Kanada said, takes on part of the weight of an object, hence we feel only a part of its total weight, while in air, the lesser density of atoms results in a lesser part of an object’s weight being picked by air, hence we feel the object to be heavier in air than what is was when under the water. In saying this, in a very elementary but important way, Kanada foreshadowed Archimedes’ theory that a body immersed in a fluid is subject to an upward force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Kanada’s idea also had shades of relativity in it which was propounded by Einstein in our times.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> About his ideas on atom, Kanada observed that an inherent urge made one Parmanu combine with another. When two Parmanu belonging to one class of substance combined, a dwinuka (binary molecule) was the result. This dwinuka had properties similar to the two parents Parmanu.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> In the material universe, Parmanu belonging to different classes of substances combine in different combinations giving us a variety of dwinuka, which in other words means different types of substances. Apart from such combination of different Parmanu, Kanada also put forth the idea of chemical changes occurring because of various factors. He claimed that variation in temperature could bring about such changes.

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> Kanada cited the examples of blackening of a new earthen pot and the ripening of fruit to illustrate the chemical change in substances brought about by the heat. Thus, according to Kanada all substances, all matter that existed in the universe was formed of Parmanu (atoms). The variations in the matter reflected the peculiarity of the Parmanu which constituted that particular matter, the variety of combinations between different types of Parmanu and the effect on them of variation in temperature.

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<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0.5in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> The latest Third Edition of Kingdom of Shiva in Telugu titled as “Shiva Samrajyam” unfolded the divine science dealt in the Vedic Hymns and Suktas on the following:

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:9.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt;tab-stops:4.5pt">

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 1. The Science on creation of the Universe

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 2. The Science of AUM

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 3. The Science of Cosmic Energy

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level1lfo1; tab-stops:4.5pt"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"">4. <span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"">The Science of Light

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 5. The Science of Brahma Sutras

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt0.5in;text-indent:-0.25in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> 6. The Science of Purusha Suktam

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt0.5in;text-indent:-0.25in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> 7. The Science of Nasadiya Suktam

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt0.5in;text-indent:-0.25in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> 8. The Science of Hiranyagarbha Suktam

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 9. The Science of Agni Suktam

<p style="margin:0in0in0.0001pt0.5in;text-indent:-0.25in;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;"> 10. The Science of Sri Rudram

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 11. The Science of Ekadasa Rudras

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 12. The Science of Anu and Parmanu

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 13. The Science of Maruts

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 14. The Science of Agama Shastra

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 15. The Science of <span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;background-position:initial;background-repeat:initial;">dance of Nataraja

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 16. The Science of Mantra Pushpam

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level1lfo1; tab-stops:4.5pt"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"">17. <span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"">The Science of Sankalpa

<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0level1lfo1; tab-stops:4.5pt"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"TimesNewRoman"">18. <span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"">The Science of Gayatri Mantra

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 19. The Science of Maha Mrutyunjay Mantra

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 20. The Science of Sankhya Philosophy

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 21. The Science of Devi Suktam

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 22. The Science of Bhu Suktam

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 23. The Science of Mount Kailash

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 24. The Science of Ganesha Gita

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 25. The Science of Yoga Shastra

<p style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.5in; margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0level1lfo1;tab-stops: 4.5pt"> 26. The Science of Patra Puja

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"">And many More…..Read and sharpen your wisdom!! 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align: justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:normal">'''<span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"">Sivkishen, Author, Kingdom of Shiva '''

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